The Moscow-Peiping talks collapsed in final failure July 20, and the Chinese Communist delegation returned to Peiping still convinced that war and bloody revolution are the only ways to achieve the aims of Communism.
A brief communique on the talks, issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and broadcast by Peiping Radio, said both sides "expounded their own views and stand on a series of important questions."
"Upon the proposal of the delegation of the Communist Party of (Red) China both sides reached the agreement to have a recess in the work of the delegations and to continue the talks some time later," it added.
Although the Soviet Union refused to budge from Khrushchev's avowed policy of "peaceful coexistence," the Soviet boss attended a farewell dinner for the Chinese "comrades" in an outward gesture of goodwill.
It was reported that Khrushchev and Teng Shiao-ping, head of the Red Chinese delegation, exchanged toasts.
The Moscow-Peiping talks were conducted in deep secrecy and not much information leaked out.
Scant hours before the confrontation ended, the Peiping People's Daily made two important statements:
1. "On July 16, 1960, the Soviet side suddenly notified (Red) China of its decision to withdraw all the 1,300 or more Soviet experts in (Red) China within a month, to scrap the hundreds of agreements and contracts it had signed and to discontinue supplies of many important items of equipment and materials."
2. Mao, on four occasions between April and November, 1956, secretly spoke to Soviet "comrades", repeatedly pointing out that the late Josef Stalin's "merits outweighed his faults and that an all-round evaluation was needed" of Soviet Premier Khrushchev's destalinization program.
"This," said the People's Daily, "inflicted incalculable difficulties and losses on (Red) China's economy, national defense and scientific research and was the main reason for the reduction in the economic and commercial links between (Red) China and the Soviet Union. (Red) China is the victim."
The paper made this statement in replying to a July 14 Soviet letter which said that the Peiping regime itself had been guilty of sharp reductions in its trade with Russia.
The People's Daily, in a preface to the publication of the Soviet letter and re-publication of its own June 14 attack on Khrushchev, said "we have never agreed with (the) complete negation of Stalin, and action (Khrushchev) took on the pretext of combatting the cult of the individual, or with its one-sided emphasis on peaceful transition."
The People's Daily then addressed itself to the Russian charge that "the leaders of the Communist Party of (Red) China would have no scruples about attaining Socialism through a world nuclear war, sacrificing hundreds of millions of people."
It said, "By this kind of talk which confuses and poisons people's minds, the leaders of CPSU are trying to pin the vicious charges of bellicosity on (Red) China and, in particular, to attack comrade Mao Tse-tung .... Those who are racking their brains to slander comrade Mao Tse-tung and our party will accomplish nothing save full exposure of their own foul purposes."
This was the first time the Chinese Reds had openly charged the Russians were trying to undermine Mao.
A later comment by the New China News Agency added that the Soviet leadership is "flagrantly attempting to incite the Chinese people and the members of the Chinese Communist Party against the beloved leadership of the Communist Party of (Red) China."
The Communist Chinese delegation was seen off at Moscow's Vnukovo airport by the same Soviet negotiators who had given them a chilly reception upon their arrival July 5.
In Peiping, the Red Chinese representatives received a big welcome. Mao Tse-tung, Liu Shiao-chi, and other chieftains of the Communist Party were among the 5,000 people at the airport.
The New China News Agency said "the airport was a scene of colorful banners and full of the sound of drums and gongs."
As comrade Mao stepped up to shake hands with the unsuccessful negotiators, the crowd shouted: "Adhere to Marxism-Leninism, oppose revisionism!" "Persevere in revolution, oppose capitulation!" and "Long live the victory of Marxism-Leninism!"
Test Ban Position
On the question of the nuclear test ban treaty, Peiping's position is haughty and irrational.
On July 31, in an official statement released by the New China News Agency, Peiping angrily denounced the tripartite test ban treaty as "a big fraud to fool the people of the world."
The Chinese Reds proposed a world conference to discuss the prohibition and destruction of all nuclear weapons.
The Peiping regime openly and bitterly attacked the Soviet government's policies, accusing it of making an about-face and of selling out the interests of the Russians, Chinese, and people of other Communist countries.
The statement called on all countries, both nuclear and non-nuclear powers, to declare solemnly that they would prohibit and destroy nuclear weapons "completely, thoroughly, totally and resolutely."
The treaty, signed by the United States, Britain and Russia, runs "diametrically counter to the wishes of peace-loving peoples of the world," it added.
The Peiping regime said' it is "firmly opposed to this treaty which harms the interests of the people of the whole world and the cause of world peace."
The statement said the treaty has no restraining effect on "U.S. policies of nuclear war preparations and nuclear blackmail"
The three nuclear powers are "attempting to consolidate their nuclear monopoly and bind the hands of all the peace-loving countries subjected to the nuclear threat, Peiping charged.
It maintained that the treaty separates the termination of nuclear tests from the total prohibition of nuclear weapons and legalizes the continued manufacture, stockpiling, and use of nuclear weapons by the three nuclear powers.
If the "fraud" is not. exposed, "it can do even greater harm," Peiping said. "It is unthinkable for the (Red) Chinese government to be a party to this dirty fraud. The (Red) Chinese government regards it as its unsinkable and sacred duty to thoroughly exposed this fraud.”
The statement called for a conference of government heads of all the countries in the world to discuss "the question of the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons."
It called for adoption of the following four measures:
1. Dismantling of all military bases, including nuclear bases on foreign soil, and the withdrawal from abroad of, all nuclear weapons and their means of delivery.
2. Establishment of nuclear weapon-free zones in the Asian and Pacific regions to include the U.S., the Soviet Union, (Red) China and Japan, in Central Europe, in African and in Latin America.
3. Prohibition of export or import of nuclear weapons and technical data for their manufacture.
4. Cessation of all nuclear tests, including those conducted underground.
The Chinese Communists had predicted in late July that they would have nuclear weapons "in the not too distant future."
But this possibility was discounted July 29 by U.S. Undersecretary of State W. Averell Harriman. He said Soviet Premier Khrushchev told him he thought it would be "a long, long time" before (Red) China has nuclear capacity of "any importance."
Harriman said Khrushchev "didn't have any concern" about the matter.
Increased Pressure
In the past few months, the Chinese Communists appear to have been stepping up pressures in North Korea, Vietnam and on the Indian border.
On July 30, the New China News Agency broadcast a new Communist charge against the U.S. forces in South Korea.
Addressing a Peiping mass rally marking the 10th anniversary of the Korean War, Kuo Mo-jo, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the Communist People's Congress, claimed "U.S. imperialists" were occupying South Korea.
Kuo said: "The aggressive U.S. forces must immediately get out of South Korea and the Korean question must be settled by the Korean people themselves without any outside interference."
The Chinese Communist people, he said, will always be the "reliable comrades-in-arms of the Korean people in their struggle against U.S. imperialism, in defense of their country, and for the reunification of Korea."
The outburst coincided with reports from South Korea of two shooting incidents in which three Americans and four Communist North Korean soldiers were killed south of the demilitarized 'zone separating north and south Korea.
In Tibet, the Chinese Reds recently concentrated a large number of troops and fighter planes along the Indian border.
According to a Chinese intelligence report published by a Taipei newspaper June 16, the Chinese Communists, since early June, have moved to Tibet some 35,000 troops from both Szechuan and Kwangtung, bringing regulars in the area to eight corps (some 270,000 troops).
Foreign dispatches indicated the Reds had massed some 1,000 fighter planes at Tibetan airfields. Some fields are capable of taking jet bombers.
Evidence dedicated Peiping might have concluded a secret agreement with Pakistan that would enable Mao to exploit hostilities between India and Pakistan.
Press reports said Pakistani Foreign Minister Z. A. Bhutto told his Parliament July 17 that the largest, state in Asia - an obvious reference to the Peiping regime-would come to Pakistan's aid, in event of an attack by India.
Peiping's, heavy military buildup along the Himalayan border was confirmed in both Washington and New Delhi.
Richard Phillips, State Department spokesman, told the press July 29 that reports had been received regarding increased Chinese Communist activities in the vicinity of the Indian border.
An Indian spokesman declined to go into details or speculate whether the concentrations might mean renewed Red Chinese attack on India.
Indian Prime Minister Nehru, however, exhorted his countrymen to be prepared for all eventualities. Addressing a mass meeting July 31, Nehru said: "The Chinese (Communist) intentions in their present military buildup in Tibet are obviously not good."
Experts in India predicted that if the Communists attempted another invasion, it would be in Ladakh or in the middle sector. They said monsoon conditions and reinforced defenses probably would rule out an attack on the North-Eastern Frontier.
Arms From Peiping
In Vietnam, a U.S, army weapons expert said August 9 that no Russian-made weapons have been found in South Vietnam but that the Viet Cong is using Communist Chinese weapons and ammunition of recent manufacture.
Increasing numbers of new Chinese Communist arms captured from Communist guerrillas indicate that important supplies are being sent to the Viet Cong from Red China, he said.
Most of the Chinese war material is copied from Russian or other East European designs, he said, but careful examination of parts has shown it to be (Red) Chinese.
Marks identifying national origin generally are removed, he said.
Ammunition and arms made in (Red) China as recently as 1962 have been captured, the expert said, including some weapons still covered with factory cosmoline preservative. Some old French machine guns used by the Viet Cong have been rechambered for (Red) Chinese ammunition.
The captured materials definitely identified as (Red) Chinese include K-50 submachine guns, 57 millimeter recoilless rifles, 7.62 millimeter pistol and rifle ammunition, signal flares, antibiotics, and field telephone switchboards.
The equipment is believed to have been sent from Communist China to North Vietnam, and then moved through Laos to South Vietnam.
A recent attack on the airport of Can Tho, South Vietnam's second largest city, was made using Communist Chinese recoilless rifles, the U.S. expert said.
Down With K!
Since the collapse, of the Moscow talks, the Chinese Communists have bee conducting an anti-Russian movement among mainland students, the Hongkong Tsu Yu Pao (Liberal Daily) reported.
The paper said response to the movement is "apathetic and perfunctory."
The report was based on testimony from a recent mainland arrival surnamed Liu. He had been a student in the Department of History at Chungshan University in Canton.
"In recent weeks," Liu said, "the Reds have compelled professors and students to study Peiping documents and newspaper editorials pertaining to the ideological conflict with Moscow. Meetings have been held to denounce Russia's foreign policy and to charge that Soviet rule is tyrannical."
Liu said the Chinese Communists sought to indoctrinate teachers and students with the thoughts of Mao Tse-tung.
The sharp criticism of "older brother" Russia has merely caused the people to scoff, Liu said, adding:
"In the past, Mao has stressed such points as 'Rely on Russia completely', 'Let Russia take the command', and 'Moscow is the head of the socialist camp.' But now Peiping uses Mao's ideas as weapons to condemn Russian revisionism."
Liu said many students at Chungshan University have taken the opportunity to deride the Peiping regime.
Meanwhile, dissatisfaction with conditions in mainland schools and colleges is causing an increasing number of students from abroad to interrupt their studies and return home.
Discontent has been reported among overseas Chinese, and also among students from Africa and South America. The outward flow has grown so large that the Communist authorities have attempted to shut it off.
Exit visas are increasingly difficult to obtain. Two Indonesian Chinese recently were arrested when they loudly complained about their failure to get exit permits. They were sentenced to two years of education through labor.
The bitter complaints of returning students have disillusioned many overseas Chinese students before their plans to go to Communist China could be put in effect.
The number of overseas Chinese aspiring to a Peiping education has considerably declined. Hongkong is an example. The Hongkong population has soared with the heavy influx of refugees from Communist China, but the number of students seeking an education across, the border has declined sharply.
Seven years ago the figure was in the tens of thousands. Last year it was a few thousand. Only. a handful are returning to the Communist-held mainland after the summer vacation.
According to the Hongkong Tiger Standard, a number of African students have departed, complaining of racial discrimination. It cited cases of 30 students from the West African Cameroon Republic and four from Sudan. The Sudanese students; it said, left after completing only one year of a seven-year course.
A major factor in student dissatisfaction is believed to be the limited amount of real education available in a Communist school or college. So much time is given to political indoctrination that objective studies are neglected.
Technical colleges suffer from a shortage of equipment. When students point out that something needs replacing, they are told that they must practice "thrift and frugality."